How To Use Our Fintech / Crypto Financial Model Template: Full Guide
Disclaimer: this article is for anyone who downloads our Fintech / Crypto financial model template and need a step-by-step guide on how to use it.
If you haven’t yet downloaded our Fintech / Crypto financial model, do so here:
Before we dive in the step-by-step guide, note that we are using for the purpose of this article the Google Sheets version. You can of course download the template use it with Excel instead. Let’s dive in!
1. Settings
The first thing we need to do is to enter a few details in the Settings tab. They are:
- Company name: the name of your business / project
- Start date: the first month the model will forecast from. Note that the first month should be in the future, and it isn’t necessarily the following month. For instance, assuming we are today in July 2021, and you are raising capital which you expect to last 2 months, the start date can very well be September 2021 or even later.
- Fiscal year end: by definition, this is the date that defines the end of a 12-month period for accounting purposes. In our templates, this date is important as it will serve to calculate the annual summaries of your P&L, balance sheet and cash flow statement. Note that most businesses have 31st December as fiscal year end. When in doubt, ask your accountant.
Note: the year in the fiscal year end is not relevant. For instance, if your fiscal year ends on December 31st, 31/12/2021 and 31/12/2022 are exactly the same thing.
- Currency: the main currency of your business and in which you want to present your financials. Note that the currency does not impact any calculation: it is simply used as a legend throughout the model.
Note: if your business operates in different currencies, use the same currency throughout for your model. For instance, assuming you sell your products in USD but have some staff paid in EUR and your reporting currency is USD. In this case, the expenses (the salaries of the staff in EUR) should be converted in their USD equivalent when you enter your hiring plan (more on that below)
- Corporate tax rate: this is the tax rate you pay in your jurisdiction. If you aren’t sure which is yours, refer to KPMG’s exhaustive updated list here.
2. User Acquisition
In the same Settings tab, we will now enter key assumptions affecting your acquisition: how to “acquire” new users. This is where we forecast the number of new users you acquire over time.
2.1. Paid traffic
Paid traffic is by definition the number of visitors who land on your website via paid ads (Google Ads, social media, etc.). Whilst we will set your conversion rate later on, it is important to estimate correctly the number of paid visitors as it will impact your marketing budget (the more visitors, potentially the more users but also the more marketing costs to incur). The simple formula is:
Number of paid visitors = Paid marketing budget / average cost-per-click
Calculating paid marketing budget
Therefore we need to set 3 assumptions here:
- The average cost-per-click of all your campaigns. If you are running search and social media ads for instance, enter the average CPC. For more information about cost-per-click benchmarks per industry, have a look at our article here.
- The first month of your marketing budget spending. By default, the first month is the date of the launch of your first subscription. The amount is the monthly budget you expect to spend in that month.
Example: Let’s assume you start your model in September 2021, and expect a 6 month product development during which you will not generate any revenues. You would set the launch of your first subscription in February 2022, and from this date onwards you would start to spend money in paid marketing to acquire paid traffic.
- The monthly growth of your marketing budget. This is a tricky one: you marketing budget will change over time (likely it will increase) from the first month you just set. As such, you will spend more in the future, and we need to estimate the amount of monthly marketing budget you will spend over time. This monthly marketing budget is calculated using a monthly percentage growth. Yet, because the monthly budgets will increase over time, the percentages themselves will decrease. In other words, you are still increasing your marketing budget over time, yet the positive percentage growth decreases. See below an illustration to make it clearer.
Note: the percentages are set at the beginning of each year. In our example above, monthly growth starts at 20% in the beginning of the first year, and decreases progressively down to 10% at the beginning of year 2, and so on.
2.2. Organic traffic
Organic traffic is the number of visitors you generate organically (unlike paid traffic for which you pay per click, or impressions). It works in a similar fashion as paid traffic. The only difference is that we do not have to set a cost-per-click. Therefore the assumptions to set are:
- First month organic traffic. The number of visitors you expect to generate in the first month (again, the date of the launch of your first subscription) from organic sources
- Organic traffic monthly growth. The same way marketing budget increases thanks to a percentage growth, organic traffic will do so too. Refer to paid traffic above for a refresher on how this works.
2.3. New Users
Once we have forecasted how many visitors you will acquire over time (on your landing page or website for example), now we will calculate how many users you actually convert. In other words, we are looking at how many visitors sign up to your service (although they might not necessarily be paying yet, such as a free trial for instance).
- New Users conversion rate: the percentage of visitors (paid and organic) that convert into users.
For example, if you convert in average 2.5% of your total visitors and you acquire 10,000 visitors in a given month, you end up converting 250 new users out of these 10,000 visitors.
3. Subscriptions
Whether or not you earn revenue from the sale of subscriptions, you will need to complete this section. Indeed, subscriptions is where we forecast the number of users, over time, in each of the subscription tiers (or “plans”) you offer.
3.1 User tiers
- The name of your subscription tiers: the model allows you to have up to 4 subscriptions (including a free plan if you need to). The names you enter will flow through the Subscription Revenue, Commission Revenue and Operating Model sheets of the model
- Start date: this is the date from which the subscription is launched. For instance, you might not launch all subscriptions at the same time, instead you might launch some later in the future. In the example above, all subscriptions are launched in March 2022
Note: start date cannot be prior the model Start date.
3.2 New users distribution
This is where we decide which new user choose which plan.
Note: This is only valid for new users (the leads who converted and became customers). Indeed, existing customers will have the ability to move between the subscription tiers via upsell and downsell (more on that below).
For each of the subscription tiers, you will need to enter:
- The breakdown of new users per tier: in our example, if you convert 100 new customers in a month, 70 will choose “Free”, 20% “Paid”, 5% “Premium” and the remaining 5% the “Corporate” plan.
Notes:
- The sum of all percentages need to be 100%
- If you have less than 4 tiers (for instance 2) enter 0% for the relevant tiers.
- The breakdown of new users is calculated in the Subscription Revenue tab. Because the users are rounded, if the number of new users is too low the percentage might round up or down the value. For instance, assuming you convert 10 new users in a month, because we can’t have 0.5 customers choosing Premium and Corporate respectively, the model will round Premium to 1 and Corporate to 0
- If you entered different start dates in the User Tiers section, the breakdown will take it into account. Let’s assume you have 2 tiers and you launch the 2nd six month after the 1st, and you enter 50/50% for the new users breakdown. The model will attribute 100% of new users to plan 1 for the first 6 months, and 50/50% from month 7 onwards.
- The breakdown of new users per billing cycle: choose which percentage, for each tier, of new users who choose to pay annual vs. monthly.
3.3 Upsell and downsell
By upsell and downsell, we allow customer movements between the different tiers after they have converted as customers for the first time.
For each plan, you will need to enter a percentage. This is the percentage of a plan’s total users that move to the nearest plan (either up for upsell, or down for downsell). For instance, in our example above, every month, you expect 2% of the “Free” plan to move (or “upsell”) to the “Paid” plan.
Downsell is simply the inverse of upsell.
Note: remember these values are monthly. Therefore, if you enter 20% it means that every month, 20% of a given tier will upsell or downsell to another plan. If you expect, say, a 20% upsell rate from plan A to B, simply use 20%/12 for the monthly upsell equivalent.
3.4: Churn
Here you need to enter the percentage of monthly churn to calculate the number of users, each month, who cancel their plan and leave. Note this is across all subscription tiers.
Note: like upsell and downsell rates, churn is a monthly percentage. As such if you expect 20% annual churn, enter 20%/12 for the monthly churn instead.
4. Wallets
Before we dive into what specifically is a wallet, let’s first take a step back and consider how Fintech and Crypto businesses make money.
Most often, they do so via 3 different channels:
- Subscription revenue
- Commission revenue (wallets): they charge a percentage of their users’ wallets (or deposit accounts). For example, as a user you might be paying 0.25% each year of your total deposits you hold (in fiat or cryptocurrencies); and / or
- Commission revenue (transactions): They charge a commission per transaction (for example 2% of a transaction value)
In this Fintech / Crypto financial model template, we are giving the ability to forecast all these revenue streams. For more information on the 8 most popular revenue models for tech businesses, read our article here.
Now that we have seen the difference between each revenue models, let’s have a look at how you can forecast wallets in this template:
In order to forecast the value of your users’ wallets, we give you the ability to enter the average wallet value per user for each plan (or “subscription tier”), which can also vary over time.
Note: even if you do not necessarily offer different subscription tiers, this allows you to differentiate the different user profiles. Indeed, you might have 50% of your users that only have, say $250 on their deposit account, another 25% that hold in average $5,000, and so on...
5. Transactions
The same way we have entered assumptions that drive wallets value earlier, now we will do the same for transactions.
Again, we give you here the ability to differentiate up to 4 plans (or “subscription tier”), which assumptions may vary over time.
You should set the following assumptions:
- Transacting User rate (%): the percentage of user within a plan that make transactions in a month (indeed, all users might not transact all the time)
- Transactions per User (per month): the average number of transactions made by a single user (for example here a “Paid” user makes on average 5 transaction each month)
- Avg. transaction value: the average value of a single transaction
To wrap up, let’s use the above example. On average, each month in year 1 to 5:
- Out of 100 users within the “Free” plan, only 30 of them make 1 transaction worth $40;
- Out of 100 users within the “Gold” plan, all of them make on average 20 transactions each worth $1,000; and so on…
6. Revenue
Now that we have forecasted the number of users for each subscription tier over time, their wallets, and the number and value of their transactions, we can now forecast revenue.
6.1. Subscription Revenue
- Monthly and Annual Fee: enter the monthly and annual fee of your subscriptions. If your plan does not include one or the other, simply enter zero. Annual subscriptions typically are discounted vs. monthly billings, so the template gives you this ability
Note: the annual fee is per year. In the example above, the price of the “Paid” plan is $19.9 per month (so $238.8 per year) or $190 per year if billed yearly.
6.2. Wallet Revenue
- Annual Fee: enter the commission percentage you charge per year each user’s deposit. In the example above, if a “Gold” user holds $100,000 in deposits throughout the year, you charge $150
Note: for simplicity, although it’s an annual fee, the wallet revenue earned from the commission on wallets / deposits is calculated and effectively billed monthly. Using the same example, you would charge this same “Gold” user 0.15% / 12 each month (in total $150 at the end of the year)
6.3. Transaction Revenue
- Commission Fee: enter the commission percentage you charge for each user’s transaction value. In the example above, if a “Free” user makes a transaction for $1,000, you charge $20
7. Hiring Plan
The biggest expense category of tech businesses often is salaries. It is therefore very important to set up your future roles and their related expenses (salaries, bonuses) correctly.
7.1. Teams
The first thing we need to do is to list the different teams you have and group them into up to 5 categories. This will allow us to differentiate salaries into the different teams in your P&L and your metrics later on.
7.2. Roles
In the Hiring Plan sheet, you will need to enter all the roles you expect to hire in the future. For each, you will need to enter (as shown in the table above), in order:
- Role: either the role or the name of the recruit
- Team: drop-down list to select the name of the team the role falls into (the teams are the ones we set up earlier)
- Salary: the annual gross salary
- Starting: the date when you expect to hire the role.
Note: if you already have existing roles before the start of the model, enter the date in the future you recruited the role. For instance, if you are CEO and started to work since January 2021 but the first date you project your financials from is September 2021, enter January 2021 as the starting date for CEO.
- Taxes: any taxes and benefits you incur on top of salary, expressed as a percentage of gross annual salary
- Leaving. If you have contractors with fixed term employment contracts for instance, enter the date at which you will not employ that role anymore
- New salary amount. If you expect to increases salaries in the future of certain roles, enter the new annual gross salary here
- New salary starting date: the date you start to pay the new salary
- Bonus %. If you pay bonuses on top of salary to certain roles, enter the corresponding percentage of annual gross salary you pay each year as a cash bonus.
- Bonus timing. Here you can set whether you pay bonuses every month, quarter or yearly.
8. Expenses
In the Settings sheet you can enter a number of assumptions for the template to calculate automatically the expense amounts in Expenses.
8.1. Payment processing fees
Enter the percentage of revenues you will pay to your payment processing provider (e.g. Stripe, Paypal, etc.)
8.2. Customer Support
Customer support is an important expense category for most Fintech / Crypto businesses. The template gives you the ability to forecast Customer Support in 2 different ways, either:
- Enter the customer support roles one by one in the Hiring Plan as shown above; or
- Forecast customer support salaries as a function of the number of users you have
We are covering here the 2nd approach. Customer support salaries will be calculated by taking into account 3 different assumptions which you will need to set:
- Percentage of customers requiring customer support per month. Let’s assume you have 1,000 active customers in a month, not all might contact your customer support service. For instance, if a customer calls your CS say, every 2 months, enter 50% (indeed, 50% of all active customers contact CS every month, ie every 2 months)
- Number of tickets processed by a customer support agent per hour. Here we set the “efficiency” of your customer support team. If you are a Enterprise SaaS business, the tickets may take more time to be processed (hence an agent might only process a handful per hour). In comparison, if your tickets are usually dealt via email within a few minutes (e.g. B2C SaaS) enter a higher number here
- Hourly cost of a customer support agent. This is the total hourly cost you pay your customer support agents (including taxes and benefits, if any)
Note: If customer support is outsourced to a 3rd party instead (to Teleperformance for instance), simply enter here the hourly cost you pay per customer agent.
8.3. Hosting
Enter here the amount you spend per month per user in hosting, tech infrastructure, etc. If unsure, ask you your CTO.
8.4. Team expenses
For each team, you have the ability to set a spending per role, it includes:
- Onboarding costs: any one-off you incur when you hire a role (computer, desk, etc.)
- Ongoing costs: any recurring expenses you incur per month per role (subscription, meal allowances, etc.)
- Travel: the travel allowance per role per month. Management and sales team may travel more than the engineering team for instance, so you can differentiate them here.
8.5. Other expenses
Enter here any other recurring expenses you haven’t included yet. For each expense there are 4 assumptions to set:
- Expense: the name of the expense
- Start date: the date from which you start to incur such expense
- First monthly expense: the amount of the first month
- Increase (per year): the percentage increase (per year) at which the expense grows over time (if it does)
Note: if the expense stays flat over time, leave percentage increase to zero instead.
9. Balance sheet
- Cash starting balance: the amount of cash you already have in the bank before the start of the model
Note: do not include the fundraising round (see below) you expect to raise here. It will be added automatically to your cash balance.
- Losses carry-forward starting balance. If you have any tax credit from your state, enter the amount here. For a refresher on what losses carry-forward, see Investopedia’s definition here.
- D&A lifetime amortisation. Any capex you will spend in the future (see below) will be depreciated over time. This is where you select the depreciation schedule. If in doubt, ask your accountant.
10. Capex
If you expect to spend any capital expenditure in the future (building, equipment, etc.) or simply capitalise part of your expenses, enter the amount under “Other capex” in the Capex & D&A sheet.
Note: by default the template already includes onboarding costs (see team expenses) within capex. Indeed, onboarding costs such as computers and desks are assets and need to be included within capex and depreciated over time.
11. Fundraising
This is where you can set the fundraising rounds you expect in the future. Set here 3 assumptions:
- Round: name of the round (e.g. Seed, Series A, etc.)
- Amount: the amount you expect to raise from this round
- Date: the date of the round